In preliminary experiments, the knocking-in protocol was used to accomplish this aim. Even genome editing has found its applications in many infectious and non-infectious diseases. The use of ZFN in marine animals such as zebrafish and many live-stock animals has been shown, while TALEN and CRISPR systems are used in the cell lines of many cattle species such as cows, pigs, and chickens. Genome editing is being applied in many plant and animal species. The appealing agricultural applications of nuclease-based genome editing include improved varieties of crops with high yields and desired features like enhanced nutritional content, greater shelf life, better stress tolerance, disease, and pest resistance. Also, both TALENs and CRISPR are crucial in elimination of undesired genes. These tools have demonstrated promising results in various domains including medical and agricultural sciences. The evolution of genome engineering using designer nucleases has brought a paradigm shift in the field of biotechnology. The second major use of genome manipulation is the creation of alternative treatment options for a variety of genetic disorders. There are two main goals for genome manipulation: one is to learn how new genes function and what functions they play in cell regulation. Genome editing is a procedure that allows for site-specific modifications to be made in the genome of any organism. This mini review provides great perspective in providing true guidance to the researchers working in the field of trait improvement via genome editing. In this article, we will briefly explore the special features of TALENs that makes this tool indispensable in the field of synthetic biology. This mini review suggests that, TALENs provides novel opportunities in the field of therapeutics being highly specific and sensitive toward DNA modifications. This review provides significant insights into the pros and cons of the two most popular genome editing tools TALENs and CRISPRs. This review talks about genome editing goals fulfilled by TALENs and drawbacks of CRISPRs. Apart from high-specificity, TALENs are proven to target the mitochondrial DNA (mito-TALEN), where gRNA of CRISPR is difficult to import. Though, CRISPR-Cas9 platform has successfully gained more attention in the scientific world, TALENs and ZFNs are unique in their own ways. With the discovery of robust programmable endonucleases-based designer gene manipulating tools such as meganucleases (MN), zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated protein (CRISPR/Cas9), the research in this field has experienced a tremendous acceleration giving rise to a modern era of genome editing with better precision and specificity. Genome editing is a robust technology used to make target specific DNA modifications in the genome of any organism. We will also present the unique features of TALENs and limitations of CRISPRs which makes TALENs a better genome editing tool than CRISPRs. In this review, we will elaborate on the structural and functional role of designer nucleases with emphasis on TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system. But, when it comes to clinical applications, CRISPR is not usually preferred. Though there is a range of genome editing tools, but this era of genome editing is dominated by the CRISPR/Cas9 tool due to its ease of design and handling. With the discovery of restriction endonucleases, scientists were able to make targeted manipulations (knockouts) in any gene sequence of any organism, by the technique popularly known as genome engineering. Genome of an organism has always fascinated life scientists.
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